[1] Linda Hantrais, Social Policy in the European Union, MacMillan Press Ltd., 1995, p.158-159; 以及Pat Wechesler & Bill Echikson, Continental Downward Draft, Business Week, Jun 2, 1997, p.6
[2] David Edye & Valerio Lintner, Contemporary Europe, Prentice Hall Europe, 1996, p.196
[3] D. Snower, The Gathering Storm: Unemployment and Mismatch in an Integrated Europe, in Social Protection and the European Economic and Monetary Union, Ed. by Jozef Pacolet, Avebury Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 1996, pp.109-122.
[4] The Economist, 30 July 1994:23
[5] David Edye & Valerio Lintner, Contemporary Europe, Prentice Hall Europe, 1996, p.196.
[6] David Edye & Valerio Lintner, Contemporary Europe, Prentice Hall Europe, 1996, p.196.
[7] 同上，p.46
[8] David Edye & Valerio Lintner, Contemporary Europe, Prentice Hall Europe, 1996, p.196.
[9] 李梅，“探析发达国家失业问题”，《中国统计》, 1998年4期
[11] Graham Room, Anti Poverty Action-Research in Europe, SAUS Publication, 1993, p.111
[12] Linda Hantrais, Social Policy in the European Union, MacMillan Press Ltd., 1995.
[13] 参考：裘元伦，“欧盟国家如何对付失业问题”，《欧洲》，1997年第6期，p.44
[14] D. Snower, The Gathering Storm: Unemployment and Mismatch in an Integrated Europe, in Social Protection and the European Economic and Monetary Union, Ed. by Jozef Pacolet, Avebury Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 1996,
p.109-122.
[15] Ali M. El-Agraa, The European Union: History, Institutions, Economics and Policies, 5th Ed., Prentice Hall Press, 1998, p.66, Table 3.10
[16] Ides Nicaise et al, Labour Market Programmes for the Poor in the Europe: Pitfalls, Dilemmas and How to Avoid Them, Avebury, 1995, p.33.
[17] Pete Alcock, Social Policy in Britian: Themes and Issues, MacMillan Press, 1996, p.127.
[18] Herman Deleeck, et al, Ed., Poverty and Adequacy of Social Security in the EC, Averbury, 1992, p.58.
[19] 参考：Pete Alcock, Social Policy in Britian: Themes and Issues, MacMillan Press, 1996, p.230-237.
[20] K• 约瑟夫在1972年6月29日对英国学前游戏协会做的讲演中提出这一见解。转引自 Pete Alcock, Social Policy in Britian: Themes and Issues, MacMillan Press, 1996, p.29.
[21] 在欧洲，对“社会排斥”的概念仍然存在争论。关于这一概念的进一步解释和有关的争论，可参考Gerry Gore and Jose B. Figueiredo, Social Exclusion: Rhetoric, Reality, Responses, International Labour Organization (International Institution for Labour Studies), 1995; Brain Munday & Peter Ely, Ed. Social Care in Europe, Prentice Hall Europe, 1996; 以及其他许多文献。
[22] Graham Room, Anti Poverty Action-Research in Europe, SAUS Publication, 1993, p.8-14.
[23] David Edye & Valerio Lintner, Contemporary Europe, Prentice Hall, 1996, p.362-363
[24][24] Carey Oppenheim & Lisa Harker, Poverty: The Pacts, Revised and Updated 3rd ed., CPAC Ltd., 1996, p.48.
[25] Carey Oppenheim & Lisa Harker, Poverty: The Pacts, Revised and Updated 3rd ed., CPAC Ltd., 1996, p.49.
[26] Carey Oppenheim & Lisa Harker, Poverty: The Pacts, Revised and Updated 3rd ed., CPAC Ltd., 1996, p.50.
[27] Carey Oppenheim & Lisa Harker, Poverty: The Pacts, Revised and Updated 3rd ed., CPAC Ltd., 1996
[28] Carey Oppenheim & Lisa Harker, Poverty : The Pacts, Revised and Updated 3rd ed., CPAC Ltd., 1996, p.50.
[29] Carey Oppenheim & Lisa Harker, Poverty : The Pacts, Revised and Updated 3rd ed., CPAC Ltd., 1996, p.51.
[30] 转引自Carey Oppenheim & Lisa Harker, Poverty : The Pacts, Revised and Updated 3rd ed., CPAC Ltd., 1996
[31] Carey Oppenheim & Lisa Harker, Poverty : The Pacts, Revised and Updated 3rd ed., CPAC Ltd., 1996, p.50.
[32] Carey Oppenheim & Lisa Harker, Poverty : The Pacts, Revised and Updated 3rd ed., CPAC Ltd., 1996, p.55.
[33] Carey Oppenheim & Lisa Harker, Poverty : The Pacts, Revised and Updated 3rd ed., CPAC Ltd., 1996,p.55
[34] Carey Oppenheim & Lisa Harker, Poverty : The Pacts, Revised and Updated 3rd ed., CPAC Ltd., 1996,p.40（图2.7）
[35] Carey Oppenheim & Lisa Harker, Poverty : The Pacts, Revised and Updated 3rd ed., CPAC Ltd., 1996.
[36] P. Townsend , Understanding Poverty and Inequality in Europe , in Responses to Poverty : Lessons from Europe, Heinemann Educational Books, London, 1984, p.22.
[37] 见Jozef Pacolet, Social Protection and the European Economic and Monetary Union, Averbury , 1996, p.180表11.3中的数据。
[38]见Jozef Pacolet, Social Protection and the European Economic and Monetary Union, Averbury , 1996, p.149表9.3中的数据。
[39] Robert A. Jones, The Politics and Economics of the European Union, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1996.
[40] Robert A. Jones, The Politics and Economics of the European Union, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1996.
[41] 杨逢珉，“欧盟的地区政策及其推行的困难”，《欧洲》，1996年第6期,p.40
[42] 参考：杨逢珉，“欧盟的地区政策及其推行的困难”，《欧洲》，1996年第6期，p.41--42
[43] 社会倾销是指统一大市场实现后，在劳动密集型产业加速从劳动力费用较高的地区向劳动力费用较低的国家转移的情况下，一些国家或地区以降低社会保护水平来吸引投资和扩大商品的出口的做法。
[44] Michael Newman :"Democracy ,Sovereignity and the European Union", ST. Martin’s Press , 1996,New York
[45] 戴炳然译，《欧洲共同体条约集》，复旦大学出版社，1993，p.69
[46] 参考：戴炳然，“深化与扩大：欧洲一体化处于发展的转折关头”，《欧洲》，1997年第2期，p.20--21
[47] 参见：Linda Hantrais, "Social Policy in the European Union", MacMillian Press Ltd., 1995；以及关信平，“欧洲联盟社会政策的历史发展---兼析欧盟社会政策的目标、性质与原则”，《南开学报》，2000年第2期
[48] 戴炳然，“评欧盟《阿姆斯特丹条约》”，《欧洲》，1998年第1期，p.54
[49] Prof. Dr. Danny Pieters and Jason Alan Nickless, "Pathways for Social Protection in Europe", Helsinki, 1998
[50] 参考：Ali M. El--Agraa (Ed.), "The European Union--History, Institutions, Economics and Policies", Prentice Hall Europe, 1998,p.408
[51] 杨继瑞 袁春晓，“欧盟就业政策及其对我国再就业政策的启示”，《四川大学学报》（哲社版），2000年第1期，p.46
[52] 参考：Ali M. El--Agraa (Ed.)，p.401
[53] 参考：Ali M. El--Agraa (Ed.)，p.401
[54] 参考：Ali M. El--Agraa (Ed.)，p.401--402
[55] 杨继瑞 袁春晓，“欧盟就业政策及其对我国再就业政策的启示”，《四川大学学报》（哲社版），2000年第1期，p.47
[56] P. Townsend , Understanding Poverty and Inequality in Europe , in Responses to Poverty : Lessons from Europe, Heinemann Educational Books, London, 1984, p.19.
[57] P. Townsend , Understanding Poverty and Inequality in Europe , in Responses to Poverty : Lessons from Europe, Heinemann Educational Books, London, 1984, p.19.
[58] P. Townsend , Understanding Poverty and Inequality in Europe , in Responses to Poverty : Lessons from Europe, Heinemann Educational Books, London, 1984, p.20.
[59] 参考：Ali M. El--Agraa (Ed.)，p.402--403
[60] European Commission, "The European Social Fund: An Overview of the Programming Period 1994---1999", European Community 1998
[61] Michael Newman: "Democracy, Sovereignty and the European Union", St. Martin's Press, 1996 p.88--89
